![]() ![]() MiR-16 down-regulation within the locus coeruleus was also induced in depressive mouse models ( Launay et al., 2011). Depressive behavioral responses have been induced by miR-16 up-regulation in the raphe nuclei and hippocampus, with the latter associated with subsequent down-regulation of BNDF ( Bai et al., 2012). The existence of polymorphisms in pre-miR-30e ( Xu et al., 2010) and pre-miR-182 ( Saus et al., 2010) has been associated with an increased risk of major depression. Several miRNAs have emerged as potential mediators of depressive pathophysiology. ![]() Several facets of miRNA expression alterations are currently under investigation to gain insight into the pathology of neuronal disorders ( Hansen et al., 2007 Lopez et al., 2013): miRNA expression alterations in pathophysiological models of disease ( Ziu et al., 2011 Brandenburger et al., 2012) miRNA expression alterations in the blood of patients, most of which represent further downstream or compensatory effects ( Schipper et al., 2007 Gallego et al., 2012) and miRNAs and their effectors acting as targets for the action of psychoactive drugs such as antidepressants and mood stabilizers ( Zhou et al., 2009 Baudry et al., 2010 Oved et al., 2012). MiRNAs are gene expression regulators critically affecting brain development that have been investigated as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis, management, treatment, and progression of neuropsychiatric disorders ( Machado-Vieira et al., 2010 Saugstad, 2010 Dwivedi, 2011). Indeed, even minor alterations in the expression of genes regulating neural and structural plasticity may be crucial to understanding the pathogenesis of major affective disorders ( Dwivedi et al., 2009a, b Serafini et al., 2011, 2012). Although many psychopharmacological agents are currently available, in particular for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) ( Serafini et al., 2013), our knowledge concerning the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this complex condition is still limited. Major affective disorders are one of the foremost causes of morbidity worldwide such disabling conditions are also frequently associated with suicidal behavior ( Innamorati et al., 2011 Gonda et al., 2012 Serafini et al., 2012). ![]()
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